I am posting as well the English versions here:
Original translation by candidate
Preamble
The title of this study "Water Crises in the Arab Region" rises a preliminary question about the meaning of the term “crisis” which is mentioned in the context of the title. It is needed to provide a clear answer to that question as a starting point to introduce the historical, geographical and hydrologic considerations, as well as those derived from the international law within this chapter.
The term "crises" as used in this study differs from that used in the international relationships, especially in its strategical dimension. And if there are areas of contact between the two terms, it is not hidden from a wise reader. The concept of "crisis" in its water related formula stems from the multi- dimensional and multi- level compound nature of the water problem in the region. In addition to the scarcity and limitation of water resources and the low quality of water in the Arab World, the gap between sources and needs in some of the neighboring countries, the regional ambition of others through the use of shared water resources, and other factors meet, intertwine and intersect, creating a number of dilemmas, problems and bottlenecks extended from the past through the present and which are expected to continue in the future.
As the topic of the book focuses on the Arab region, the extensive exposure to the issue of water in the geographical neighboring countries seems inevitable. The Nile originates from the plateau of Lakes and the highlands of Ethiopia. The Tigris and The Euphrates originate from Turkey, and Tigris has some sources in the Zagros Mountains in Iran. The presence of Israel in the heart of the Arab region and sharing the Jordan River with Arab countries confirms the necessity of addressing the water crisis in the Arab region and reflections of that crises on its relations with the geographical neighboring countries, as well as the reflections of the ambitions and greed of those countries on the Arab crisis.
If the previous paragraphs focused on the clarification of the study's title as a preliminary point to introduce the considerations forming the study's framework, the starting point of this framework is the introduction of a brief background, hoping that it will lead us to the other aspects.
The Nile played a significant and major role in the history of Egypt, and its conditions were a reflection of the river's fluctuations. Therefore, monitoring the river and recording its level was a major work of the government, and all the measures of the Nile preserved at the present dated back to the late Pharaonic eras or to the Ptolemaic-Roman era and were built in the precincts of the temples, as they were used to deliver flood waters to the temples in addition to its original function in measuring the levels of the Nile.
First Edits
Prelude
The title of this study "Water Crises in the Arab Region" raises a preliminary question about the meaning of the term “crisis”, which is mentioned in the title, providing context for the study. It is needed to provide a clear answer to that question as a starting point to introduce the historical, geographical and hydrologic considerations, as well as those derived from the international law within this chapter.
The term "crisis" as used in this study differs from that used in the international relationships, especially in its strategical dimension. If there are areas of contact between the two uses of terms, it is not hidden from a wise reader. The concept "crisis" when it comes to water issues stems from the multi-dimensional and multi- level nature of the water problem in the region. In addition to the scarcity and limitation of water resources and the low quality of water in the Arab World, the gap between sources and needs in some of neighboring countries, the regional designs of others through the use of shared water resources, and other factors meet, intertwine and intersect, creating a number of dilemmas, problems and bottlenecks extended from the past through the present and are expected to continue in the future.
As the topic of the book focuses on the Arab region, the extensive exposure to the issue of water in the geographical neighboring countries seems inevitable. The Nile originates from the plateau of Lakes and the highlands of Ethiopia. The Tigris and The Euphrates originate from Turkey, and Tigris has some sources in the Zagros Mountains in Iran. The presence of Israel in the heart of the Arab region and its sharing of the Jordan River with Arab countries confirm the necessity of addressing the water crisis in the Arab region and its repercussions on its relations with the geographical neighboring countries, as well as the consequences of the designs of those countries on the Arab crisis.
If the previous paragraphs focused on the clarification of the study's title as a preliminary point to introduce the considerations forming the study's framework, the starting point of this framework is the introduction of a brief background, hoping that it will lead us into other aspects.
The Nile has played a significant role in the history of Egypt, and its conditions were a reflection of the river's fluctuations. Therefore, monitoring the river and recording its level were a major work of the government, and all the measurements of the Nile preserved at the present dated back to the late Pharaonic eras or to the Ptolemaic-Roman era and were built in the precincts of the temples, as they were used to deliver flood waters to the temples in addition to its original function in measuring the levels of the Nile.
Second Edits
Prelude
The title of the study, "Water Crises in the Arab Region", raises a preliminary issue regarding the meaning of the word "crisis", which is mentioned in the title, providing context for the study. We need to answer that question clearly as a starting point for introducing historical, geographical and hydrologic considerations, as well as those derived from international law.
As used in this study, the term "crisis" differs from that used in international relationships, particularly in its strategic aspect. Whether there are areas of overlap between the two terms is not obscured to a prudent reader. The concept "crisis", when it comes to water issues, dervies from the multidimensional and multi-level nature of the water issue in the region. Aside from the scarcity and limited availability of water resources, as well as the low quality of water in the Arab World, gaps between supply and demand in some neighboring countries, regional designs through shared water resources, and other factors intersect, creating a number of dilemmas, problems and bottlenecks that have existed from the past into the present and are likely to persist into the future.
As the book focuses on the Arab region, it is inevitable that the issue of water will be extensively addressed in the broader context of geographically neighboring countries. The Nile originates from the plateau of the Lakes and the highlands of Ethiopia. The Tigris and the Euphrates, by the same token, originate in Turkey, and the Tigris has some sources in the Zagros Mountains in Iran. The fact that Israel lies at the center of the Arab region and shares its Jordan River with Arab countries confirms the importance of addressing the water crisis in the Arab region as well as the repercussions of Israeli decisions on its relations with its geographical neighbors.
In the previous paragraphs, the study's title was clarified as a preliminary point for introducing the considerations providing the study's framework. In this context, the point of departure is the introduction of a brief background, in the hope that it will give us insight into other aspects.
Throughout Egypt's history, the Nile has played an important role in reflecting the river's fluctuations. Monitoring the Nile and recording its level was therefore a major government function. All the measurements of the Nile preserved today date back to the Ptolemaic-Roman period, and they were constructed within the temple precincts in addition to their original purpose in measuring the Nile's level.
Tutor's own translation
Prelude
Considering that the title of this study is "Water crisis in the Arab region," a preliminary question must be raised regarding the implications of the word crisis. The answer to this question can serve as a springboard for discussion of historical, geographical, and hydraulic contexts as well as international legal issues.
As the reader will see, the concept of crisis used in this study differs considerably from that used in international relations, particularly when it comes to its strategic significance, but a comparison between the two cannot be avoided. In the context of water studies, the concept of crisis refers to the multifaceted and multilayered nature of the water problem in the region. In addition to the scarcity and poor quality of water in the Arab world, the gulf between supply and demand in some geographically adjacent countries is compounded by the regional aspirations of others, creating a number of problems and congestions that stretch from the past into the present and seem likely to persist in the future.
Despite the fact that the book focuses on the Arab region, it is essential to address the issue of water in countries that are geographically adjacent. The Nile, after all, originates in Ethiopia's Lake Plateau and the highlands, in the same manner that Tigris and Euphrates originate in Turkey, with the latter’s main feeders springing in Iran's Zagros Mountains. Israel's position in the heart of the Arab region and its sharing of the Jordan River with Arab countries highlights the need for addressing the water crisis in the Arab region and examining the implication of that crisis on Israel's relationship with geographically neighboring countries, and the influence of its designs on the Arab water crisis.
Throughout the previous paragraphs, I have focused mainly on clarifying the title in order to establish the basis for discussing the theoretical framework. The first thing I would like to do, however, is to provide a brief historical background in order to smooth the way to the rest of the discussion.
Throughout Egypt's history, the Nile has played a significant role in its development, which can explain why monitoring the river's fluctuations and recording its level have been important responsibilities of the government. I note, here, that all archived measurements of Nile levels at the present time date back to later Pharaonic eras or the Ptolemaic-Roman era, preserved in the temples. Measurements were not only used to convey water to the temples but also to determine Nile water levels.
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